Implement optional module loading

The syntax is:

using? cli

Now each module use results in two bool variables: <module>.loaded and
<module>.configured.

Also implement variable visibility (the above two variables are limited
to project).

31 files changed, 332 insertions, 193 deletions

diff --git a/build/bin/module b/build/bin/module
index b87a0b0..5dd720f 100644
--- a/build/bin/module
+++ b/build/bin/module
@@ -6,14 +6,17 @@
 #define BUILD_BIN_MODULE
 
 #include <build/types>
+#include <build/utility>
+
 #include <build/module>
 
 namespace build
 {
   namespace bin
   {
-    extern "C" void
-    bin_init (scope&, scope&, const location&, std::unique_ptr<module>&, bool);
+    extern "C" bool
+    bin_init (
+      scope&, scope&, const location&, unique_ptr<module>&, bool, bool);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/build/bin/module.cxx b/build/bin/module.cxx
index 25700c6..c7da647 100644
--- a/build/bin/module.cxx
+++ b/build/bin/module.cxx
@@ -29,12 +29,13 @@ namespace build
     static const strings liba_lib {"static"};
     static const strings libso_lib {"shared"};
 
-    extern "C" void
+    extern "C" bool
     bin_init (scope& r,
               scope& b,
               const location&,
               std::unique_ptr<module>&,
-              bool first)
+              bool first,
+              bool)
     {
       tracer trace ("bin::init");
       level5 ([&]{trace << "for " << b.out_path ();});
@@ -81,15 +82,15 @@ namespace build
       //
       if (first)
       {
-        variable_pool.find ("config.bin.lib", string_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("config.bin.exe.lib", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("config.bin.liba.lib", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("config.bin.libso.lib", strings_type);
-
-        variable_pool.find ("bin.lib", string_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("bin.exe.lib", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("bin.liba.lib", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("bin.libso.lib", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("config.bin.lib", string_type);
+        var_pool.find ("config.bin.exe.lib", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("config.bin.liba.lib", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("config.bin.libso.lib", strings_type);
+
+        var_pool.find ("bin.lib", string_type);
+        var_pool.find ("bin.exe.lib", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("bin.liba.lib", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("bin.libso.lib", strings_type);
       }
 
       // Configure.
@@ -164,6 +165,8 @@ namespace build
 
       install::path<liba> (b, dir_path ("lib"));  // Install into install.lib.
       install::mode<liba> (b, "644");
+
+      return true;
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/build/cli/module b/build/cli/module
index cf6258f..221e6a0 100644
--- a/build/cli/module
+++ b/build/cli/module
@@ -6,14 +6,17 @@
 #define BUILD_CLI_MODULE
 
 #include <build/types>
+#include <build/utility>
+
 #include <build/module>
 
 namespace build
 {
   namespace cli
   {
-    extern "C" void
-    cli_init (scope&, scope&, const location&, std::unique_ptr<module>&, bool);
+    extern "C" bool
+    cli_init (
+    scope&, scope&, const location&, unique_ptr<module>&, bool, bool);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/build/cli/module.cxx b/build/cli/module.cxx
index 64e95a8..081980b 100644
--- a/build/cli/module.cxx
+++ b/build/cli/module.cxx
@@ -28,12 +28,13 @@ namespace build
   {
     static compile compile_;
 
-    extern "C" void
+    extern "C" bool
     cli_init (scope& root,
               scope& base,
-              const location& l,
+              const location& loc,
               std::unique_ptr<module>&,
-              bool first)
+              bool first,
+              bool)
     {
       tracer trace ("cli::init");
       level5 ([&]{trace << "for " << base.out_path ();});
@@ -44,8 +45,12 @@ namespace build
       // semantics. So it is better to let the user load cxx
       // explicitly.
       //
-      if (base.find_target_type ("cxx") == nullptr)
-        fail (l) << "cxx module must be initialized before cli";
+      {
+        auto l (base["cxx.loaded"]);
+
+        if (!l || !as<bool> (*l))
+          fail (loc) << "cxx module must be loaded before cli";
+      }
 
       // Register target types.
       //
@@ -84,10 +89,10 @@ namespace build
       //
       if (first)
       {
-        variable_pool.find ("config.cli", string_type); //@@ VAR type
+        var_pool.find ("config.cli", string_type); //@@ VAR type
 
-        variable_pool.find ("config.cli.options", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("cli.options", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("config.cli.options", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("cli.options", strings_type);
       }
 
       // Configure.
@@ -156,6 +161,8 @@ namespace build
       //
       if (const value& v = config::optional (root, "config.cli.options"))
         base.assign ("cli.options") += as<strings> (v);
+
+      return true;
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/build/config/module b/build/config/module
index 58d9814..530fa7b 100644
--- a/build/config/module
+++ b/build/config/module
@@ -6,15 +6,17 @@
 #define BUILD_CONFIG_MODULE
 
 #include <build/types>
+#include <build/utility>
+
 #include <build/module>
 
 namespace build
 {
   namespace config
   {
-    extern "C" void
+    extern "C" bool
     config_init (
-      scope&, scope&, const location&, std::unique_ptr<module>&, bool);
+    scope&, scope&, const location&, unique_ptr<module>&, bool, bool);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/build/config/module.cxx b/build/config/module.cxx
index bb787a0..b95c6c7 100644
--- a/build/config/module.cxx
+++ b/build/config/module.cxx
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@ namespace build
     //
     static const path config_file ("build/config.build");
 
-    extern "C" void
+    extern "C" bool
     config_init (scope& r,
                  scope& b,
                  const location& l,
                  std::unique_ptr<module>&,
-                 bool first)
+                 bool first,
+                 bool)
     {
       tracer trace ("config::init");
 
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ namespace build
       if (!first)
       {
         warn (l) << "multiple config module initializations";
-        return;
+        return true;
       }
 
       const dir_path& out_root (r.out_path ());
@@ -65,6 +66,8 @@ namespace build
 
       if (file_exists (f))
         source (f, r, r);
+
+      return true;
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/build/config/utility b/build/config/utility
index 9a5dc5e..ece7a88 100644
--- a/build/config/utility
+++ b/build/config/utility
@@ -42,8 +42,7 @@ namespace build
               const T& default_value,
               bool override = false)
     {
-      return required (
-        root, variable_pool.find (name), default_value, override);
+      return required (root, var_pool.find (name), default_value, override);
     }
 
     inline std::pair<std::reference_wrapper<const value>, bool>
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ namespace build
     inline const value&
     optional (scope& root, const std::string& var)
     {
-      return optional (root, variable_pool.find (var));
+      return optional (root, var_pool.find (var));
     }
 
     // As above but assumes the value is dir_path and makes it
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ namespace build
     inline const value&
     optional_absolute (scope& root, const std::string& var)
     {
-      return optional_absolute (root, variable_pool.find (var));
+      return optional_absolute (root, var_pool.find (var));
     }
 
     // Check whether there are any variables specified from the
diff --git a/build/context.cxx b/build/context.cxx
index 699cc3c..7f30c81 100644
--- a/build/context.cxx
+++ b/build/context.cxx
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ namespace build
 
     targets.clear ();
     scopes.clear ();
-    variable_pool.clear ();
+    var_pool.clear ();
 
     // Reset meta/operation tables. Note that the order should match
     // the id constants in <build/operation>.
@@ -59,22 +59,22 @@ namespace build
 
     // Enter builtin variables.
     //
-    variable_pool.find ("work", dir_path_type);
-    variable_pool.find ("home", dir_path_type);
+    var_pool.find ("work", dir_path_type);
+    var_pool.find ("home", dir_path_type);
 
-    variable_pool.find ("src_root", dir_path_type);
-    variable_pool.find ("out_root", dir_path_type);
-    variable_pool.find ("src_base", dir_path_type);
-    variable_pool.find ("out_base", dir_path_type);
+    var_pool.find ("src_root", dir_path_type);
+    var_pool.find ("out_root", dir_path_type);
+    var_pool.find ("src_base", dir_path_type);
+    var_pool.find ("out_base", dir_path_type);
 
-    variable_pool.find ("project", string_type);
-    variable_pool.find ("amalgamation", dir_path_type);
+    var_pool.find ("project", string_type);
+    var_pool.find ("amalgamation", dir_path_type);
 
     // Shouldn't be typed since the value requires pre-processing.
     //
-    variable_pool.find ("subprojects", nullptr, '=');
+    var_pool.find ("subprojects", nullptr, '=');
 
-    variable_pool.find ("extension", string_type);
+    var_pool.find ("extension", string_type);
 
     // Create global scope. For Win32 this is not a "real" root path.
     // On POSIX, however, this is a real path. See the comment in
diff --git a/build/cxx/module b/build/cxx/module
index dcadcdd..a3bd436 100644
--- a/build/cxx/module
+++ b/build/cxx/module
@@ -6,14 +6,17 @@
 #define BUILD_CXX_MODULE
 
 #include <build/types>
+#include <build/utility>
+
 #include <build/module>
 
 namespace build
 {
   namespace cxx
   {
-    extern "C" void
-    cxx_init (scope&, scope&, const location&, std::unique_ptr<module>&, bool);
+    extern "C" bool
+    cxx_init (
+      scope&, scope&, const location&, unique_ptr<module>&, bool, bool);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/build/cxx/module.cxx b/build/cxx/module.cxx
index eda3593..4c0e493 100644
--- a/build/cxx/module.cxx
+++ b/build/cxx/module.cxx
@@ -27,12 +27,13 @@ namespace build
 {
   namespace cxx
   {
-    extern "C" void
+    extern "C" bool
     cxx_init (scope& r,
               scope& b,
-              const location& l,
+              const location& loc,
               std::unique_ptr<module>&,
-              bool first)
+              bool first,
+              bool)
     {
       tracer trace ("cxx::init");
       level5 ([&]{trace << "for " << b.out_path ();});
@@ -40,8 +41,12 @@ namespace build
       // Initialize the bin module. Only do this if it hasn't already
       // been loaded so that we don't overwrite user's bin.* settings.
       //
-      if (b.find_target_type ("obj") == nullptr)
-        load_module ("bin", r, b, l);
+      {
+        auto l (b["bin.loaded"]);
+
+        if (!l || !as<bool> (*l))
+          load_module (false, "bin", r, b, loc);
+      }
 
       // Register target types.
       //
@@ -105,31 +110,31 @@ namespace build
       //
       if (first)
       {
-        variable_pool.find ("config.cxx", string_type); //@@ VAR type
-
-        variable_pool.find ("config.cxx.poptions", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("config.cxx.coptions", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("config.cxx.loptions", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("config.cxx.libs", strings_type);
-
-        variable_pool.find ("cxx.poptions", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("cxx.coptions", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("cxx.loptions", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("cxx.libs", strings_type);
-
-        variable_pool.find ("cxx.export.poptions", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("cxx.export.coptions", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("cxx.export.loptions", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("cxx.export.libs", strings_type);
-
-        variable_pool.find ("cxx.std", string_type);
-
-        variable_pool.find ("h.ext", string_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("c.ext", string_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("hxx.ext", string_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("ixx.ext", string_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("txx.ext", string_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("cxx.ext", string_type);
+        var_pool.find ("config.cxx", string_type); //@@ VAR type
+
+        var_pool.find ("config.cxx.poptions", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("config.cxx.coptions", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("config.cxx.loptions", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("config.cxx.libs", strings_type);
+
+        var_pool.find ("cxx.poptions", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("cxx.coptions", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("cxx.loptions", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("cxx.libs", strings_type);
+
+        var_pool.find ("cxx.export.poptions", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("cxx.export.coptions", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("cxx.export.loptions", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("cxx.export.libs", strings_type);
+
+        var_pool.find ("cxx.std", string_type);
+
+        var_pool.find ("h.ext", string_type);
+        var_pool.find ("c.ext", string_type);
+        var_pool.find ("hxx.ext", string_type);
+        var_pool.find ("ixx.ext", string_type);
+        var_pool.find ("txx.ext", string_type);
+        var_pool.find ("cxx.ext", string_type);
       }
 
       // Configure.
@@ -220,6 +225,8 @@ namespace build
         path<txx> (b, dir_path ("include"));
         path<h>   (b, dir_path ("include"));
       }
+
+      return true;
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/build/dist/module b/build/dist/module
index 9fad86f..20082ec 100644
--- a/build/dist/module
+++ b/build/dist/module
@@ -6,15 +6,17 @@
 #define BUILD_DIST_MODULE
 
 #include <build/types>
+#include <build/utility>
+
 #include <build/module>
 
 namespace build
 {
   namespace dist
   {
-    extern "C" void
+    extern "C" bool
     dist_init (
-      scope&, scope&, const location&, std::unique_ptr<module>&, bool);
+      scope&, scope&, const location&, unique_ptr<module>&, bool, bool);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/build/dist/module.cxx b/build/dist/module.cxx
index 9bd058a..a624c20 100644
--- a/build/dist/module.cxx
+++ b/build/dist/module.cxx
@@ -22,12 +22,13 @@ namespace build
   {
     static rule rule_;
 
-    extern "C" void
+    extern "C" bool
     dist_init (scope& r,
                scope& b,
                const location& l,
-               std::unique_ptr<module>&,
-               bool first)
+               unique_ptr<module>&,
+               bool first,
+               bool)
     {
       tracer trace ("dist::init");
 
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ namespace build
       if (!first)
       {
         warn (l) << "multiple dist module initializations";
-        return;
+        return true;
       }
 
       const dir_path& out_root (r.out_path ());
@@ -58,20 +59,20 @@ namespace build
       //
       if (first)
       {
-        variable_pool.find ("dist", bool_type);
+        var_pool.find ("dist", bool_type);
 
-        variable_pool.find ("dist.package", string_type);
+        var_pool.find ("dist.package", string_type);
 
-        variable_pool.find ("dist.root", dir_path_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("config.dist.root", dir_path_type);
+        var_pool.find ("dist.root", dir_path_type);
+        var_pool.find ("config.dist.root", dir_path_type);
 
         //@@ VAR type
         //
-        variable_pool.find ("dist.cmd", string_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("config.dist.cmd", string_type);
+        var_pool.find ("dist.cmd", string_type);
+        var_pool.find ("config.dist.cmd", string_type);
 
-        variable_pool.find ("dist.archives", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("config.dist.archives", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("dist.archives", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("config.dist.archives", strings_type);
       }
 
       // Configuration.
@@ -127,6 +128,8 @@ namespace build
             v = cv;
         }
       }
+
+      return true;
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/build/dist/operation.cxx b/build/dist/operation.cxx
index 2a84894..0069432 100644
--- a/build/dist/operation.cxx
+++ b/build/dist/operation.cxx
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ namespace build
       // entered.
       //
       action_targets files;
-      const variable& dist_var (variable_pool.find ("dist"));
+      const variable& dist_var (var_pool.find ("dist"));
 
       for (const auto& pt: targets)
       {
diff --git a/build/file.cxx b/build/file.cxx
index 970957b..9595d8f 100644
--- a/build/file.cxx
+++ b/build/file.cxx
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ namespace build
     // the NULL value indicates that we found no subprojects.
     //
     {
-      const variable& var (variable_pool.find ("subprojects"));
+      const variable& var (var_pool.find ("subprojects"));
       auto rp (root.vars.assign(var)); // Set NULL by default.
       value& v (rp.first);
 
@@ -794,8 +794,7 @@ namespace build
     if (out_root.empty ())
     {
       const variable& var (
-        variable_pool.find ("config.import." + project,
-                            dir_path_type));
+        var_pool.find ("config.import." + project, dir_path_type));
 
       if (auto l = iroot[var])
       {
diff --git a/build/install/module b/build/install/module
index 240d034..78004ef 100644
--- a/build/install/module
+++ b/build/install/module
@@ -6,15 +6,17 @@
 #define BUILD_INSTALL_MODULE
 
 #include <build/types>
+#include <build/utility>
+
 #include <build/module>
 
 namespace build
 {
   namespace install
   {
-    extern "C" void
+    extern "C" bool
     install_init (
-      scope&, scope&, const location&, std::unique_ptr<module>&, bool);
+      scope&, scope&, const location&, unique_ptr<module>&, bool, bool);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/build/install/module.cxx b/build/install/module.cxx
index a0eed61..8711341 100644
--- a/build/install/module.cxx
+++ b/build/install/module.cxx
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ namespace build
         vn += name;
         vn += var;
         const variable& vr (
-          variable_pool.find (move (vn), &value_traits<T>::value_type));
+          var_pool.find (move (vn), &value_traits<T>::value_type));
 
         cv = dv != nullptr
           ? &config::required (r, vr, *dv, override).first.get ()
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ namespace build
       vn += name;
       vn += var;
       const variable& vr (
-        variable_pool.find (move (vn), &value_traits<T>::value_type));
+        var_pool.find (move (vn), &value_traits<T>::value_type));
 
       value& v (r.assign (vr));
 
@@ -99,12 +99,13 @@ namespace build
     static alias_rule alias_;
     static file_rule file_;
 
-    extern "C" void
+    extern "C" bool
     install_init (scope& r,
                   scope& b,
                   const location& l,
-                  unique_ptr<build::module>&,
-                  bool first)
+                  unique_ptr<module>&,
+                  bool first,
+                  bool)
     {
       tracer trace ("install::init");
 
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ namespace build
       if (!first)
       {
         warn (l) << "multiple install module initializations";
-        return;
+        return true;
       }
 
       const dir_path& out_root (r.out_path ());
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ namespace build
       //
       if (first)
       {
-        variable_pool.find ("install", dir_path_type);
+        var_pool.find ("install", dir_path_type);
       }
 
       // Configuration.
@@ -172,6 +173,8 @@ namespace build
       path<doc>  (b, dir_path ("doc"));  // Install into install.doc.
       path<man>  (b, dir_path ("man"));  // Install into install.man.
       path<man1> (b, dir_path ("man1")); // Install into install.man1.
+
+      return true;
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/build/module b/build/module
index 43ab1e0..984a50f 100644
--- a/build/module
+++ b/build/module
@@ -21,23 +21,32 @@ namespace build
     ~module () = default;
   };
 
+  // Return false if the module configuration (normally based on the default
+  // values) was unsuccessful but this is not (yet) an error. One example
+  // would be the optional use of a module. Or a module might remain
+  // unconfigured for as long as it is actually not used (e.g., install,
+  // dist). The return value is used to set the <module>.configured variable.
+  //
   extern "C"
   using module_init_function =
-    void (scope& root,
+    bool (scope& root,
           scope& base,
           const location&,
           std::unique_ptr<module>&,
-          bool first); // First time for this project.
+          bool first,     // First time for this project.
+          bool optional); // Loaded with 'using?' (optional module).
 
   using loaded_module_map =
     std::map<std::string,
              std::pair<module_init_function*, std::unique_ptr<module>>>;
 
   // Load the specified module. Used by the parser but also by some
-  // modules to load prerequisite modules.
+  // modules to load prerequisite modules. Return true if the module
+  // was both successfully loaded and configured.
   //
-  void
-  load_module (const std::string& name,
+  bool
+  load_module (bool optional,
+               const std::string& name,
                scope& root,
                scope& base,
                const location&);
diff --git a/build/module.cxx b/build/module.cxx
index 0f2b1b2..5f1aeff 100644
--- a/build/module.cxx
+++ b/build/module.cxx
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <utility> // make_pair()
 
 #include <build/scope>
+#include <build/variable>
 #include <build/diagnostics>
 
 using namespace std;
@@ -15,13 +16,16 @@ namespace build
 {
   available_module_map builtin_modules;
 
-  void
-  load_module (const string& name, scope& root, scope& base, const location& l)
+  bool
+  load_module (bool opt,
+               const string& name,
+               scope& rs,
+               scope& bs,
+               const location& loc)
   {
-    // First see if this modules has already been loaded for this
-    // project.
+    // First see if this modules has already been loaded for this project.
     //
-    loaded_module_map& lm (root.modules);
+    loaded_module_map& lm (rs.modules);
     auto i (lm.find (name));
     bool f (i == lm.end ());
 
@@ -32,11 +36,26 @@ namespace build
       auto j (builtin_modules.find (name));
 
       if (j == builtin_modules.end ())
-        fail (l) << "unknown module " << name;
-
-      i = lm.emplace (name, make_pair (j->second, nullptr)).first;
+      {
+        if (!opt)
+          fail (loc) << "unknown module " << name;
+      }
+      else
+        i = lm.emplace (name, make_pair (j->second, nullptr)).first;
     }
 
-    i->second.first (root, base, l, i->second.second, f);
+    bool l (i != lm.end ());
+    bool c (l && i->second.first (rs, bs, loc, i->second.second, f, opt));
+
+    const variable& lv (var_pool.find (name + ".loaded",
+                                       variable_visibility::project,
+                                       bool_type));
+    const variable& cv (var_pool.find (name + ".configured",
+                                       variable_visibility::project,
+                                       bool_type));
+    bs.assign (lv) = l;
+    bs.assign (cv) = c;
+
+    return l && c;
   }
 }
diff --git a/build/parser.cxx b/build/parser.cxx
index 05c79db..c896c71 100644
--- a/build/parser.cxx
+++ b/build/parser.cxx
@@ -128,7 +128,8 @@ namespace build
           export_ (t, tt);
           continue;
         }
-        else if (n == "using")
+        else if (n == "using" ||
+                 n == "using?")
         {
           using_ (t, tt);
           continue;
@@ -360,7 +361,7 @@ namespace build
                   fail (t) << "append to target type/pattern-specific "
                            << "variable " << v;
 
-                const auto& var (variable_pool.find (move (v)));
+                const auto& var (var_pool.find (move (v)));
 
                 // Note: expand variables in the value in the context of
                 // the scope.
@@ -711,7 +712,7 @@ namespace build
 
       if (at == token_type::equal || at == token_type::plus_equal)
       {
-        var = &variable_pool.find (t.value);
+        var = &var_pool.find (t.value);
         val = at == token_type::equal
           ? &scope_->assign (*var)
           : &scope_->append (*var);
@@ -782,6 +783,8 @@ namespace build
   {
     tracer trace ("parser::using", &path_);
 
+    bool optional (t.value.back () == '?');
+
     // The rest should be a list of module names. Parse them as names
     // to get variable expansion, etc.
     //
@@ -798,7 +801,7 @@ namespace build
       if (!n.simple ())
         fail (l) << "module name expected instead of " << n;
 
-      load_module (n.value, *root_, *scope_, l);
+      load_module (optional, n.value, *root_, *scope_, l);
     }
 
     if (tt == type::newline)
@@ -912,7 +915,7 @@ namespace build
   void parser::
   variable (token& t, token_type& tt, string name, token_type kind)
   {
-    const auto& var (variable_pool.find (move (name)));
+    const auto& var (var_pool.find (move (name)));
     names_type vns (variable_value (t, tt, var));
 
     if (kind == type::equal)
@@ -1366,7 +1369,7 @@ namespace build
 
             // Lookup.
             //
-            const auto& var (variable_pool.find (move (n)));
+            const auto& var (var_pool.find (move (n)));
             auto l (target_ != nullptr ? (*target_)[var] : (*scope_)[var]);
 
             // Undefined/NULL namespace variables are not allowed.
diff --git a/build/scope b/build/scope
index 1cfbc10..e52f615 100644
--- a/build/scope
+++ b/build/scope
@@ -76,25 +76,34 @@ namespace build
     // in this scope, do it on the the variables map directly.
     //
     build::lookup<const value>
-    operator[] (const variable&) const;
+    operator[] (const variable& var) const
+    {
+      return lookup (nullptr, nullptr, var);
+    }
 
     build::lookup<const value>
     operator[] (const std::string& name) const
     {
-      return operator[] (variable_pool.find (name));
+      return operator[] (var_pool.find (name));
     }
 
     // As above, but includes target type/pattern-specific variables.
     //
     build::lookup<const value>
-    lookup (const target_type&, const string& name, const variable&) const;
+    lookup (const target_key& tk, const variable& var) const
+    {
+      return lookup (tk.type, tk.name, var);
+    }
 
     build::lookup<const value>
-    lookup (const target_type& tt, const string& n, const string& var) const
+    lookup (const target_key& tk, const string& var) const
     {
-      return lookup (tt, n, variable_pool.find (var));
+      return lookup (tk, var_pool.find (var));
     }
 
+    build::lookup<const value>
+    lookup (const target_type*, const string* name, const variable&) const;
+
     // Return a value suitable for assignment (or append if you only
     // want to append to the value from this scope). If the variable
     // does not exist in this scope's map, then a new one with the
@@ -119,7 +128,7 @@ namespace build
     value&
     append (const std::string& name)
     {
-      return append (variable_pool.find (name));
+      return append (var_pool.find (name));
     }
 
     // Target type/pattern-specific variables.
diff --git a/build/scope.cxx b/build/scope.cxx
index 305950b..dfddf20 100644
--- a/build/scope.cxx
+++ b/build/scope.cxx
@@ -13,37 +13,33 @@ namespace build
   // scope
   //
   lookup<const value> scope::
-  operator[] (const variable& var) const
+  lookup (const target_type* tt, const string* name, const variable& var) const
   {
     using result = build::lookup<const value>;
 
-    const value* r (nullptr);
-    const scope* s (this);
-
-    for (; s != nullptr; s = s->parent_scope ())
+    for (const scope* s (this); s != nullptr; )
     {
-      if ((r = s->vars.find (var)) != nullptr)
-        break;
-    }
-
-    return result (r, &s->vars);
-  }
-
-  lookup<const value> scope::
-  lookup (const target_type& tt, const string& name, const variable& var) const
-  {
-    using result = build::lookup<const value>;
-
-    for (const scope* s (this); s != nullptr; s = s->parent_scope ())
-    {
-      if (!s->target_vars.empty ())
+      if (tt != nullptr && !s->target_vars.empty ())
       {
-        if (auto l = s->target_vars.lookup (tt, name, var))
+        if (auto l = s->target_vars.lookup (*tt, *name, var))
           return l;
       }
 
       if (auto r = s->vars.find (var))
         return result (r, &s->vars);
+
+      switch (var.visibility)
+      {
+      case variable_visibility::scope:
+        s = nullptr;
+        break;
+      case variable_visibility::project:
+        s = s->root () ? nullptr : s->parent_scope ();
+        break;
+      case variable_visibility::normal:
+        s = s->parent_scope ();
+        break;
+      }
     }
 
     return result ();
diff --git a/build/target b/build/target
index 66daa66..2aea7ae 100644
--- a/build/target
+++ b/build/target
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ namespace build
     lookup<const value>
     operator[] (const std::string& name) const
     {
-      return operator[] (variable_pool.find (name));
+      return operator[] (var_pool.find (name));
     }
 
     // Return a value suitable for assignment. See class scope for
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ namespace build
     value&
     append (const std::string& name)
     {
-      return append (variable_pool.find (name));
+      return append (var_pool.find (name));
     }
 
   public:
diff --git a/build/target.cxx b/build/target.cxx
index 85eec66..5c31311 100644
--- a/build/target.cxx
+++ b/build/target.cxx
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ namespace build
     // We cannot simply delegate to scope's lookup() since we also need
     // to check the group.
     //
-    for (const scope* s (&base_scope ()); s != nullptr; s = s->parent_scope ())
+    for (const scope* s (&base_scope ()); s != nullptr; )
     {
       if (!s->target_vars.empty ())
       {
@@ -149,6 +149,19 @@ namespace build
 
       if (auto r = s->vars.find (var))
         return result (r, &s->vars);
+
+      switch (var.visibility)
+      {
+      case variable_visibility::scope:
+        s = nullptr;
+        break;
+      case variable_visibility::project:
+        s = s->root () ? nullptr : s->parent_scope ();
+        break;
+      case variable_visibility::normal:
+        s = s->parent_scope ();
+        break;
+      }
     }
 
     return result ();
diff --git a/build/target.txx b/build/target.txx
index 48bac21..e347f77 100644
--- a/build/target.txx
+++ b/build/target.txx
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace build
   {
     // Include target type/pattern-specific variables.
     //
-    auto l (s.lookup (*tk.type, *tk.name, var));
+    auto l (s.lookup (tk, var));
 
     if (!l)
     {
diff --git a/build/test/module b/build/test/module
index 0b6af78..25bb2f2 100644
--- a/build/test/module
+++ b/build/test/module
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ namespace build
 {
   namespace test
   {
-    extern "C" void
+    extern "C" bool
     test_init (
-      scope&, scope&, const location&, std::unique_ptr<module>&, bool);
+      scope&, scope&, const location&, unique_ptr<module>&, bool, bool);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/build/test/module.cxx b/build/test/module.cxx
index deda6e9..167c09b 100644
--- a/build/test/module.cxx
+++ b/build/test/module.cxx
@@ -21,12 +21,13 @@ namespace build
   {
     static rule rule_;
 
-    extern "C" void
+    extern "C" bool
     test_init (scope& r,
                scope& b,
                const location& l,
-               unique_ptr<build::module>&,
-               bool first)
+               unique_ptr<module>&,
+               bool first,
+               bool)
     {
       tracer trace ("test::init");
 
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ namespace build
       if (!first)
       {
         warn (l) << "multiple test module initializations";
-        return;
+        return true;
       }
 
       const dir_path& out_root (r.out_path ());
@@ -66,13 +67,15 @@ namespace build
       // Enter module variables.
       //
       {
-        variable_pool.find ("test", bool_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("test.input", name_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("test.output", name_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("test.roundtrip", name_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("test.options", strings_type);
-        variable_pool.find ("test.arguments", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("test", bool_type);
+        var_pool.find ("test.input", name_type);
+        var_pool.find ("test.output", name_type);
+        var_pool.find ("test.roundtrip", name_type);
+        var_pool.find ("test.options", strings_type);
+        var_pool.find ("test.arguments", strings_type);
       }
+
+      return true;
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/build/test/rule.cxx b/build/test/rule.cxx
index ea268a9..3a4c91d 100644
--- a/build/test/rule.cxx
+++ b/build/test/rule.cxx
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ namespace build
         //
         if (!l.defined ())
           l = t.base_scope ()[
-            variable_pool.find (string("test.") + t.type ().name, bool_type)];
+            var_pool.find (string("test.") + t.type ().name, bool_type)];
 
         r = l && as<bool> (*l);
       }
@@ -150,13 +150,15 @@ namespace build
         string n ("test.");
         n += t.type ().name;
 
-        const variable& in (variable_pool.find (n + ".input", name_type));
-        const variable& on (variable_pool.find (n + ".output", name_type));
-        const variable& rn (variable_pool.find (n + ".roundtrip", name_type));
+        const variable& in (var_pool.find (n + ".input", name_type));
+        const variable& on (var_pool.find (n + ".output", name_type));
+        const variable& rn (var_pool.find (n + ".roundtrip", name_type));
 
         // We should only keep value(s) that were specified together
         // in the innermost scope.
         //
+        // @@ Shouldn't we stop at project root?
+        //
         for (scope* s (&bs); s != nullptr; s = s->parent_scope ())
         {
           ol = s->vars[on];
@@ -294,7 +296,7 @@ namespace build
         var += t.type ().name;
         var += '.';
         var += n;
-        l = t.base_scope ()[variable_pool.find (var, strings_type)];
+        l = t.base_scope ()[var_pool.find (var, strings_type)];
       }
 
       if (l)
diff --git a/build/utility b/build/utility
index 7e6b0df..404b33a 100644
--- a/build/utility
+++ b/build/utility
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
 
 #include <tuple>
 #include <string>
-#include <utility> // move()
+#include <utility>       // move()
+#include <cassert>       // assert()
 #include <exception>
 #include <unordered_set>
 
diff --git a/build/variable b/build/variable
index 7976ab9..061004c 100644
--- a/build/variable
+++ b/build/variable
@@ -7,10 +7,8 @@
 
 #include <map>
 #include <vector>
-#include <string>
 #include <cstddef>       // nullptr_t
-#include <utility>       // move(), pair, make_pair()
-#include <cassert>
+#include <utility>       // pair, make_pair()
 #include <iterator>
 #include <functional>    // hash, reference_wrapper
 #include <type_traits>   // conditional, is_reference, remove_reference, etc.
@@ -19,6 +17,8 @@
 #include <butl/prefix-map>
 
 #include <build/types>
+#include <build/utility>
+
 #include <build/target-type>
 
 namespace build
@@ -37,19 +37,23 @@ namespace build
     bool (*const append) (names&, names, const variable&);
   };
 
+  enum class variable_visibility
+  {
+    scope,    // This scope (no outer scopes).
+    project,  // This project (no outer projects).
+    normal    // All outer scopes.
+  };
+
   // variable
   //
   // The two variables are considered the same if they have the same name.
   //
   struct variable
   {
-    explicit
-    variable (std::string n, const value_type* t = nullptr, char p = '\0')
-        : name (std::move (n)), pairs (p), type (t) {}
-
     std::string name;
-    char pairs;
-    const value_type* type; // If NULL, then not (yet) typed.
+    const value_type* type;         // If NULL, then not (yet) typed.
+    variable_visibility visibility;
+    char pairs;                     // Pair symbold or '\0' if not used.
   };
 
   inline bool
@@ -616,13 +620,40 @@ namespace build
 {
   // variable_pool
   //
-  using variable_set_base = std::unordered_set<variable>;
-  struct variable_set: private variable_set_base
+  using variable_pool_base = std::unordered_set<variable>;
+  struct variable_pool: private variable_pool_base
   {
     const variable&
-    find (std::string name, const build::value_type* t = nullptr, char p = '\0')
+    find (string name, const build::value_type* t = nullptr, char p = '\0')
     {
-      auto r (emplace (std::move (name), t, p));
+      return find (name, nullptr, t, p);
+    }
+
+    const variable&
+    find (string name,
+          variable_visibility v,
+          const build::value_type* t = nullptr,
+          char p = '\0')
+    {
+      return find (name, &v, t, p);
+    }
+
+    using variable_pool_base::clear;
+
+  private:
+    const variable&
+    find (string name,
+          const variable_visibility* vv,
+          const build::value_type* t,
+          char p)
+    {
+      auto r (
+        insert (
+          variable {
+            std::move (name),
+            t,
+            vv != nullptr ? *vv : variable_visibility::normal,
+            p}));
       const variable& v (*r.first);
 
       // Update type?
@@ -630,16 +661,25 @@ namespace build
       if (!r.second && t != nullptr && v.type != t)
       {
         assert (v.type == nullptr);
-        const_cast<variable&> (v).type = t; // Ok, not changing the key.
+        const_cast<variable&> (v).type = t; // Not changing the key.
+      }
+
+      // Change visibility? While this might at first seem like a bad idea,
+      // it can happen that the variable lookup happens before any values
+      // were set, in which case the variable will be entered with the
+      // default visibility.
+      //
+      if (!r.second && vv != nullptr && v.visibility != *vv)
+      {
+        assert (v.visibility == variable_visibility::normal); // Default.
+        const_cast<variable&> (v).visibility = *vv; // Not changing the key.
       }
 
       return v;
     }
-
-    using variable_set_base::clear;
   };
 
-  extern variable_set variable_pool;
+  extern variable_pool var_pool;
 
   // variable_map
   //
@@ -696,7 +736,7 @@ namespace build
     lookup<const value>
     operator[] (const std::string& name) const
     {
-      return operator[] (variable_pool.find (name));
+      return operator[] (var_pool.find (name));
     }
 
     // Non-const lookup. Only exposed on the map directly.
@@ -710,7 +750,7 @@ namespace build
     lookup<value>
     operator[] (const std::string& name)
     {
-      return operator[] (variable_pool.find (name));
+      return operator[] (var_pool.find (name));
     }
 
     // The second member in the pair indicates whether the new
@@ -733,13 +773,13 @@ namespace build
     std::pair<std::reference_wrapper<value>, bool>
     assign (const std::string& name)
     {
-      return assign (variable_pool.find (name));
+      return assign (var_pool.find (name));
     }
 
     std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>
     find_namespace (const std::string& ns) const
     {
-      auto r (m_.find_prefix (variable_pool.find (ns)));
+      auto r (m_.find_prefix (var_pool.find (ns)));
       return std::make_pair (const_iterator (r.first),
                              const_iterator (r.second));
     }
diff --git a/build/variable.cxx b/build/variable.cxx
index 753e3d3..4386c6a 100644
--- a/build/variable.cxx
+++ b/build/variable.cxx
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ namespace build
 
   // variable_set
   //
-  variable_set variable_pool;
+  variable_pool var_pool;
 
   // variable_type_map
   //
diff --git a/tests/using/buildfile b/tests/using/buildfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86baa42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/using/buildfile
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+using? foo
+print $foo.loaded
+print $foo.configured
+
+./: